{
  "number": 30,
  "slug": "rum",
  "name": "Ar-Rum",
  "arabicName": "الروم",
  "meaning": "The Romans",
  "juz": 21,
  "period": "Makkan",
  "tagline": "HISTORY CHANGES; SIGNS SURROUND US",
  "overview": "Ar-Rum opens with Roman defeat and the promise of reversal, then widens its attention to creation, shared human origins, marriage, languages and colors. Gifts become responsibilities through generosity and concern about human corruption. Winds, rain and the stages of life return the reader to resurrection and patient trust.",
  "sources": [
    {
      "title": "Arabic text · quranjson (MIT)",
      "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/semarketir/quranjson/master/source/surah/surah_30.json"
    },
    {
      "title": "Sahih International · English translation (AlQuran Cloud)",
      "url": "https://alquran.cloud/quran/en.sahih"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=30&verse=48"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=30&verse=58"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=30&verse=15"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=30&verse=28"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=30&verse=38"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=30&verse=39"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=30&verse=11"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=30&verse=9"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=30&verse=8"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=30&verse=22"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=30&verse=36"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=30&verse=4"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=30&verse=20"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=30&verse=7"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=30&verse=18"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=30&verse=30"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=30&verse=24"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=30&verse=26"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=30&verse=1"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=30&verse=33"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=30&verse=54"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=30&verse=40"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=30&verse=56"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=30&verse=42"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=30&verse=46"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=30&verse=53"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=30&verse=44"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=30&verse=50"
    },
    {
      "title": "Surah background · Quran.com",
      "url": "https://quran.com/ar-rum/info"
    },
    {
      "title": "Traditional reading of the Roman passage · Ibn Kathir",
      "url": "https://quran.com/30:2/tafsirs/en-tafisr-ibn-kathir"
    },
    {
      "title": "Khosrow II · James Howard-Johnston, Encyclopaedia Iranica",
      "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/khosrow-ii/"
    },
    {
      "title": "Byzantine–Iranian relations · Encyclopaedia Iranica",
      "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/byzantine-iranian-relations/"
    }
  ],
  "titles": [
    "The opening letters",
    "An empire at a moment of defeat",
    "A promised reversal",
    "A few years and a wider command",
    "Help, might and mercy",
    "The promise beyond appearances",
    "Knowledge with a narrowed horizon",
    "Creation with truth and an end",
    "What earlier power could not preserve",
    "The cost of persistent mockery",
    "Creation, restoration and return",
    "When the Hour arrives",
    "The failure of imagined intercessors",
    "A separation of outcomes",
    "Joy for faith and good action",
    "The consequence of denying the meeting",
    "Praise at evening and morning",
    "Praise through the changing day",
    "Life emerging where death seemed final",
    "One humble origin, a spreading humanity",
    "Tranquility, affection and mercy",
    "Languages and colors as signs",
    "Rest and the search for provision",
    "Lightning, fear and hope",
    "The command that sustains and summons",
    "All belong to Him",
    "The Creator can restore",
    "A comparison about divided authority",
    "Desire without knowledge",
    "The human disposition and upright devotion",
    "Returning through daily practice",
    "When belonging becomes factional pride",
    "Prayer in distress, forgetfulness in ease",
    "Pleasure before a fuller knowledge",
    "Where is the warrant?",
    "Joy and despair follow circumstances",
    "Provision is not a ranking of worth",
    "The due of relatives, need and travel",
    "What truly increases?",
    "Who creates, sustains and restores?",
    "Human deeds on land and sea",
    "Let history teach humility",
    "Set your direction while there is time",
    "Preparing through present conduct",
    "A reward from bounty",
    "Winds that announce mercy",
    "Earlier messengers and promised help",
    "Clouds, rain and renewed joy",
    "Remember the despair before relief",
    "Look at the effects of mercy",
    "Gratitude tested by a changed wind",
    "The limits of compelled hearing",
    "Receptivity and guidance",
    "Weakness, strength and grey hair",
    "A mistaken sense of time",
    "The day is recognized",
    "The time for excuses has passed",
    "Evidence and determined refusal",
    "Guard the heart's capacity to learn",
    "Patient trust at the close"
  ],
  "notes": [
    "The separate letters introduce a Surah that moves from public history to intimate human signs. Their recited form is preserved without an invented code. The message will connect political reversal, creation, relationships and resurrection within a call to patient trust.",
    "The Romans are described at a moment of defeat. Traditional commentary understands them as the Eastern Roman or Byzantine power facing Persia. The verse begins with a public reversal, showing that the apparent strength of an empire can change dramatically.",
    "A future reversal follows the reported defeat in a nearby land. The Quran gives a regional description rather than a named battlefield here. The historical context helps orient the reader without turning one proposed modern location into an established identification.",
    "Pickthall renders the interval as within ten years; traditional commentary explains the Arabic as a small number of years, commonly three to nine. The verse also centers divine command and believers' joy, rather than supplying a modern dated chronology.",
    "Victory is attributed to Allah's help, with might and mercy named together. The verse directs the believers' response beyond admiration for an army. Its theological reading of events should be distinguished from the historian's reconstruction of campaigns, rulers and diplomatic settlements.",
    "The promise is affirmed despite the limits of public understanding. Present appearances do not exhaust what can unfold. The verse invites trust without making the reader responsible for forcing every detail of a complex historical sequence into an unsupported calculation.",
    "People may understand the outward workings of worldly life while neglecting the Hereafter. The verse does not dismiss practical knowledge. It questions a narrowed horizon in which skill, news and advantage occupy all attention while ultimate responsibility receives none.",
    "Reflection begins within the self and expands to a creation made with truth and an appointed end. The verse joins inward examination with the world outside. Purpose and return become questions that technical knowledge or immediate experience alone cannot settle.",
    "Travel reveals people who cultivated and built more extensively than the current audience. Their strength did not make them exempt from consequence. The passage explicitly denies divine injustice and locates the warning in their conduct, rather than treating impressive remains as sufficient security.",
    "Persistent evil ends in a harmful outcome, joined here to denial and mockery of the signs. The verse warns against a pattern rather than a single passing doubt. Repeated contempt can make correction increasingly difficult even when evidence remains available.",
    "Originating creation and restoring it belong to the same Lord, and return is to Him. The verse gives resurrection a place within the larger account of dependence. What seems unprecedented from a human perspective is not beyond the One who first creates.",
    "The rising Hour leaves the guilty in despair. This brief scene interrupts confidence in present arrangements. Its purpose is to make accountability serious while the reader can still respond, rather than encourage speculation about a date or another person's final destination.",
    "Supposed partners cannot provide the intercession expected from them. Their worshippers then disown the former allegiance. The scene tests a claim through its failure at the moment of need, asking whether trust was grounded in reality or only in habit.",
    "The gathering brings separation according to outcome. The verse prepares a contrast between faithful good action and rejected guidance. Its distinction belongs to divine judgment, not to human attempts to sort every living person into an assured eternal category.",
    "Belief accompanied by good deeds is answered with joy in a garden. The promise gives the passage a hopeful horizon alongside its warnings. It is a description of the Hereafter, so an accompanying landscape remains symbolic rather than geographically recoverable.",
    "Denial of the signs and the future meeting leads into the contrasting outcome. The verse keeps accountability attached to a person's response to guidance. Its warning should prompt self-examination, rather than becoming a convenient instrument for judging named contemporary individuals.",
    "Praise marks the arrival of evening and morning. The passage turns from future scenes toward a rhythm available in daily life. Remembering Allah at these transitions can place ordinary time within a wider awareness of dependence, gratitude and eventual return.",
    "Praise belongs throughout heaven and earth, including the changing hours of human activity. The verse expands the previous call beyond two moments. A day filled with work and movement can still be received within remembrance rather than experienced as wholly self-contained.",
    "Life emerges from death, death from life, and barren earth revives. These observed reversals become signs pointing toward resurrection. The verse invites reflection on renewal without claiming that an ordinary seasonal process exhausts the reality of the promised human return.",
    "Human beings spread across the earth despite an origin in dust. The contrast joins shared humility with extraordinary diversity of life. The verse invites recognition that every person's strength and movement begin within a dependence no later achievement can erase.",
    "Spouses, tranquility, affection and mercy are described as signs. The relationship's meaning includes care and rest, not merely social arrangement. The verse invites reflection on the qualities that make companionship sustaining, while offering no permission to excuse harm within a household.",
    "Differences of language and color stand among the signs of creation. Diversity is therefore an occasion for knowledge and reflection, not a basis for contempt. The verse joins humanity's shared origin to the varied forms through which people live and communicate.",
    "Sleep and seeking provision both reveal dependence. Rest is not treated as meaningless inactivity, nor work as wholly self-sufficient achievement. The verse asks those who listen to notice the gifts and limits present within the ordinary pattern of a day.",
    "Lightning brings fear and hope, while rain restores the earth. The same natural world can evoke vulnerability and expectation together. The verse invites understanding through this relationship between need, provision and renewed life rather than only through abstract argument.",
    "The stability of heaven and earth rests on divine command, and the future call brings people forth. Order and resurrection are joined in one sign. The passage asks readers to consider the source that sustains what currently seems fixed.",
    "All within heaven and earth belongs to Allah and remains subject to Him. Human claims of independence sit within that comprehensive sovereignty. The verse broadens the horizon beyond individual preference, inviting humility before a created order that does not originate from ourselves.",
    "The One who originates creation can restore it; the comparison speaks to human difficulty in imagining return. Divine excellence, might and wisdom close the verse. It should not be read as assigning exhaustion or limited capacity to the Creator.",
    "A comparison drawn from the first audience's institution of slavery exposes inconsistency in assigning partners to Allah. It uses a familiar social arrangement to question their reasoning. The image is not offered here as a model for owning people today.",
    "Desire without knowledge can drive wrongdoing and obstruct guidance. The verse challenges the source of conviction: whether it follows evidence or merely protects what one wants. Its warning calls for humility before the tendency to give appetite the appearance of principle.",
    "The summons turns toward upright devotion and the God-given human disposition. The verse presents faith as aligned with the Creator's purpose. This reflection does not convert the concept into a simplistic claim that every human inclination automatically deserves religious approval.",
    "Returning to Allah is expressed through reverence, prayer and refusal of associated partners. The verse makes the previous direction practical. A chosen orientation requires repeated acts that sustain it, rather than remaining a declaration made once and never examined again.",
    "Religious division becomes a source of self-congratulation for rival groups. The warning concerns joy in factional identity that displaces responsiveness to truth. It asks readers whether belonging helps them act wisely or makes criticism of their own group impossible to hear.",
    "Distress produces sincere appeal, but relief can be followed by divided allegiance. The verse describes an unstable pattern in human response. It invites gratitude that survives the return of safety, rather than devotion that appears only while a crisis remains intense.",
    "Temporary enjoyment accompanies ingratitude, but eventual knowledge will expose its cost. The warning does not deny that a harmful course can feel rewarding for a time. It asks whether present pleasure has become the only measure used to choose a direction.",
    "The claims made for partners are challenged to produce revealed authority. Assumption is not treated as sufficient evidence merely because it is religious. The verse encourages care about attributing divine approval to practices or loyalties whose basis has not been examined.",
    "Joy in mercy can turn rapidly into despair under adversity. The verse connects some consequences with human action while exposing emotional instability. It invites a steadier response and self-examination, not confident explanations of the hidden reason for every other person's suffering.",
    "Provision widens and narrows within divine knowledge and will. The variation becomes a sign for reflection rather than a simple ranking of worth. Neither prosperity nor scarcity should be treated as a complete account of a person's standing before Allah.",
    "Relatives, people in need and travelers are owed practical care. Giving is described as a due, not merely a chance to display generosity. Seeking Allah's pleasure directs wealth outward, linking devotion with responsibility toward people whose needs one can help meet.",
    "Increase sought through others' wealth is contrasted with giving that seeks Allah's pleasure. Pickthall uses the term usury, while the verse's central comparison concerns what truly grows in divine regard. The note reflects that moral contrast rather than issuing financial advice.",
    "Creation, provision, death and renewed life are placed together as acts of Allah. Rival objects of devotion are tested against those realities. The question asks whether gratitude and trust follow the actual source of life or an unsupported association.",
    "Corruption on land and sea is connected to human deeds, with consequences intended to invite return. The verse offers a broad moral lens for harm caused by people. It does not identify every particular natural disaster as a known punishment.",
    "Travel through the earth becomes an invitation to consider earlier outcomes. History is asked to teach rather than merely impress. The verse encourages humility before the limits of past power, without supplying a complete archaeological identification for every community remembered.",
    "A resolute orientation toward the right path is urged before the unavoidable day. The warning puts action in the present and final separation in the future. It offers no date; its urgency comes from the uncertainty of one's remaining opportunity.",
    "The consequences of rejection belong to the rejecter, while righteous action prepares a good destination. Responsibility is personal even within shared communities. The verse asks readers to consider the future they are preparing through habits that may appear small today.",
    "Reward comes through divine bounty for faith joined to good works. The language combines responsibility with generosity rather than reducing the outcome to a commercial exchange. The verse closes the passage by making response to guidance morally meaningful.",
    "Winds announce mercy, enable sailing and support the search for provision. Natural movement and human enterprise belong within one picture of dependence. Gratitude is the intended response, joining appreciation of useful skills with awareness of conditions no traveler commands alone.",
    "Earlier messengers brought clear signs, and the guilty faced consequence while help was promised to believers. The comparison reassures Muhammad within opposition. It does not imply that every faithful life avoids hardship or that every earthly confrontation ends immediately in visible victory.",
    "Wind raises and spreads clouds, and rain emerges to the joy of those receiving it. The verse slows attention around a familiar event. What might be dismissed as ordinary weather becomes a scene of dependence, expectation and renewed gratitude.",
    "Their earlier despair is recalled at the very moment relief arrives. The short verse highlights how quickly circumstances and emotions can change. Remembering that transition can soften both the certainty of hopelessness and the forgetfulness that sometimes follows renewed ease.",
    "The reader is asked to look at mercy's effects in the revived earth. The visible sign points again toward resurrection. Attention to growth becomes a form of reflection, while the full restoration of the dead remains an act of divine power.",
    "A damaging wind and yellowing growth can reverse the grateful mood just described. The verse challenges dependence on favorable conditions for faithfulness. It asks whether gratitude has become a response only to benefit, rather than a more enduring recognition.",
    "The messenger cannot force hearing where the hearer turns away. Images of death and deafness describe resistant response in the passage, not lesser human worth through disability. Conveying guidance does not confer control over another person's inward acceptance.",
    "Guidance is received through a willingness to hear and respond. The image of blindness continues the contrast between openness and refusal. The verse sets limits on the messenger's control while preserving the importance of faithful communication and a receptive audience.",
    "Human life moves from weakness to strength and back toward weakness and grey hair. The sequence invites humility in every stage. Strength is a passing trust, while vulnerability remains part of the shared human condition rather than a failure of personal worth.",
    "At the Hour, the guilty misjudge the span of their waiting. The verse exposes the unreliability of their former perception. Time that seemed vast or sufficient can appear radically different when the promised reckoning becomes the immediate reality.",
    "Those given knowledge and faith correct that estimate by naming the day of resurrection. The contrast concerns recognition shaped by guidance. The verse asks what one trusts when appearances or impressions conflict with the larger horizon already announced.",
    "Excuses and belated attempts to secure favor no longer benefit wrongdoers in the final scene. The warning makes the present opportunity to acknowledge harm precious. Repair and repentance should not be postponed on the assumption that every deadline can be renegotiated.",
    "Many comparisons have been offered, yet even an additional sign can be dismissed as trickery by a determined opponent. The verse distinguishes a shortage of evidence from a settled refusal. It asks whether the conditions for acceptance keep moving.",
    "The sealing of hearts follows the picture of persistent unknowing refusal. The verse presents the seriousness of that hardened direction rather than a reason to stop learning. It encourages readers to protect their capacity for attention, humility and honest correction.",
    "The closing instruction is patience grounded in the truth of Allah's promise. The uncertainty of others should not unsettle the messenger's purpose. The Surah returns from empire and creation to the steady work of responding well in the present."
  ],
  "sections": [
    {
      "start": 1,
      "end": 19,
      "title": "An imperial reversal and a larger horizon",
      "summary": "The Roman defeat and promised recovery introduce the limits of outward appearances. Earlier peoples, creation and the future meeting place public history within a call to remembrance.",
      "reflection": "What looks permanent today but may be less secure than it appears?"
    },
    {
      "start": 20,
      "end": 32,
      "title": "The signs within human life",
      "summary": "Shared origin, spouses, languages, colors, rest and work become signs. Creation's order leads into sincere devotion and a warning against self-satisfied religious factions.",
      "reflection": "How can difference become an invitation to knowledge rather than comparison?"
    },
    {
      "start": 33,
      "end": 45,
      "title": "Gifts, responsibilities and the harm we cause",
      "summary": "Human responses shift with comfort and adversity. Provision calls for care of relatives, the needy and travelers, while corruption on land and sea calls people back to responsibility.",
      "reflection": "Which gift can become a practical act of care?"
    },
    {
      "start": 46,
      "end": 60,
      "title": "Winds, renewed earth and patient trust",
      "summary": "Winds and clouds bring rain to the despairing, and human strength gives way to age. These signs point toward resurrection and a final instruction to remain patient.",
      "reflection": "What helps you remain grateful and steady when conditions change?"
    }
  ],
  "timeline": [
    {
      "title": "614 CE · Jerusalem in the imperial war",
      "year": 614,
      "body": "James Howard-Johnston's historical account places the Persian intervention and takeover in Jerusalem in 614. This is a background milestone, not an asserted exact date for the Surah's revelation.",
      "source": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/khosrow-ii/"
    },
    {
      "title": "622 CE · Heraclius's counteroffensive",
      "year": 622,
      "body": "Encyclopaedia Iranica dates the beginning of Heraclius's renewed campaigns to 622. The military turn helps explain the period's changing fortunes; it is not presented as the uniquely proven fulfillment date.",
      "source": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/byzantine-iranian-relations/"
    },
    {
      "title": "628 CE · Persian political collapse and peace",
      "year": 628,
      "body": "Iranica records Khosrow II's overthrow and a peace agreement under his successor in 628. This later settlement completes a broad historical picture rather than supplying the Quran's unstated calendar.",
      "source": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/byzantine-iranian-relations/"
    },
    {
      "title": "The opening verses · Makkan, exact occasion uncertain",
      "year": null,
      "body": "The Surah is classified as Makkan. Traditional commentary reads the opening as a prediction of Roman recovery; the particular defeat and victory used to calculate an interval should not be treated as universally settled.",
      "source": "https://quran.com/30:2/tafsirs/en-tafisr-ibn-kathir"
    }
  ],
  "places": [
    {
      "id": "makkah",
      "name": "Makkah · the first audience",
      "body": "Quran.com's introduction places the Surah in the Makkan period and describes the Roman–Persian news as meaningful to that audience. The city marker is broad context.",
      "lat": 21.4225,
      "lon": 39.8262,
      "source": "https://quran.com/ar-rum/info",
      "image": 0
    },
    {
      "id": "jerusalem",
      "name": "Jerusalem · one historical war milestone",
      "body": "The Persian action in Jerusalem in 614 belongs to the independently documented imperial conflict. This broad city point does not claim that Quran 30:3 names a particular battlefield here.",
      "lat": 31.78,
      "lon": 35.23,
      "source": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/khosrow-ii/",
      "image": 0
    },
    {
      "id": "constantinople",
      "name": "Constantinople · the Roman capital",
      "body": "The Byzantine–Persian conflict reached the approaches to Constantinople. The marker shows the historical capital at present-day Istanbul broadly, rather than a precisely reconstructed campaign scene.",
      "lat": 41.01,
      "lon": 28.98,
      "source": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/byzantine-iranian-relations/",
      "image": 0
    },
    {
      "id": "land-sea",
      "name": "Land, sea and the signs of provision",
      "body": "The later verses turn from imperial news to human harm, ships, winds and rain. Their landscapes are general signs, not named modern environmental disasters or a specific voyage.",
      "source": "https://sacred-texts.com/isl/pick/030.htm",
      "image": 3
    }
  ],
  "people": [
    {
      "id": "romans",
      "title": "The Romans · Eastern Roman or Byzantine power",
      "body": "The Surah's opening names the Romans at defeat and anticipates recovery. The traditional explanation relates this to their war with Persia, while the verse itself does not name an emperor or battlefield.",
      "verse": 2
    },
    {
      "id": "heraclius",
      "title": "Heraclius · an independently documented ruler",
      "body": "Iranica describes the Roman emperor's renewed campaigns from 622 and the peace of 628. These facts orient the historical background without making every proposed correspondence with the Surah certain.",
      "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/byzantine-iranian-relations/",
      "label": "Read the historical account"
    },
    {
      "id": "khosrow",
      "title": "Khosrow II · the Persian ruler",
      "body": "James Howard-Johnston's article identifies Khosrow II as the Sasanian king of this conflict. His reign and campaigns belong to external historical context; the Quranic verses do not name him.",
      "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/khosrow-ii/",
      "label": "Read the scholarly biography"
    },
    {
      "id": "humanity",
      "title": "Humanity in shared origin and difference",
      "body": "Verses 20–23 describe origin, companionship, languages, colors, sleep and work as signs. Their diversity invites reflection and knowledge, rather than a hierarchy of human dignity.",
      "verse": 22
    }
  ],
  "history": [
    {
      "title": "Prediction and historical reconstruction are distinct",
      "body": "Ibn Kathir preserves the traditional reading of Roman defeat followed by recovery and the believers' interest in that outcome. This reader keeps that interpretation distinct from selecting a precise modern chronology for the opening.",
      "source": "https://quran.com/30:2/tafsirs/en-tafisr-ibn-kathir"
    },
    {
      "title": "The imperial conflict had several turning points",
      "body": "The Persian advance, Heraclius's renewed campaigns and the final peace did not occur on one day. The timeline gives selected documented events to show the wider setting, without claiming an exact revelation-to-victory calculation.",
      "source": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/byzantine-iranian-relations/"
    },
    {
      "title": "Why the Surah moves beyond empire",
      "body": "From verse 7, outward knowledge is tested against remembrance of the Hereafter. The following signs include relationships, human diversity, sleep, work and rain, widening the message beyond the fortunes of rulers.",
      "source": "https://sacred-texts.com/isl/pick/030.htm"
    },
    {
      "title": "A social response to received gifts",
      "body": "Verses 38–41 connect provision with giving and responsibility for corruption. The Surah's signs are therefore linked to conduct, rather than offered only as subjects for admiration.",
      "source": "https://sacred-texts.com/isl/pick/030.htm"
    }
  ],
  "revelationNote": "Classified as Makkan; all verses are in Juz 21. The 614, 622 and 628 CE milestones are externally sourced historical background. The edition does not assert a uniquely established date of revelation, battlefield or fulfillment calculation. Traditional interpretation of the opening is explicitly attributed.",
  "verses": [
    {
      "n": 1,
      "arabic": "الٓمٓ",
      "translation": "Alif, Lam, Meem."
    },
    {
      "n": 2,
      "arabic": "غُلِبَتِ ٱلرُّومُ",
      "translation": "The Byzantines have been defeated"
    },
    {
      "n": 3,
      "arabic": "فِىٓ أَدْنَى ٱلْأَرْضِ وَهُم مِّنۢ بَعْدِ غَلَبِهِمْ سَيَغْلِبُونَ",
      "translation": "In the nearest land. But they, after their defeat, will overcome."
    },
    {
      "n": 4,
      "arabic": "فِى بِضْعِ سِنِينَ ۗ لِلَّهِ ٱلْأَمْرُ مِن قَبْلُ وَمِنۢ بَعْدُ ۚ وَيَوْمَئِذٍۢ يَفْرَحُ ٱلْمُؤْمِنُونَ",
      "translation": "Within three to nine years. To Allah belongs the command before and after. And that day the believers will rejoice"
    },
    {
      "n": 5,
      "arabic": "بِنَصْرِ ٱللَّهِ ۚ يَنصُرُ مَن يَشَآءُ ۖ وَهُوَ ٱلْعَزِيزُ ٱلرَّحِيمُ",
      "translation": "In the victory of Allah. He gives victory to whom He wills, and He is the Exalted in Might, the Merciful."
    },
    {
      "n": 6,
      "arabic": "وَعْدَ ٱللَّهِ ۖ لَا يُخْلِفُ ٱللَّهُ وَعْدَهُۥ وَلَٰكِنَّ أَكْثَرَ ٱلنَّاسِ لَا يَعْلَمُونَ",
      "translation": "[It is] the promise of Allah. Allah does not fail in His promise, but most of the people do not know."
    },
    {
      "n": 7,
      "arabic": "يَعْلَمُونَ ظَٰهِرًۭا مِّنَ ٱلْحَيَوٰةِ ٱلدُّنْيَا وَهُمْ عَنِ ٱلْءَاخِرَةِ هُمْ غَٰفِلُونَ",
      "translation": "They know what is apparent of the worldly life, but they, of the Hereafter, are unaware."
    },
    {
      "n": 8,
      "arabic": "أَوَلَمْ يَتَفَكَّرُوا۟ فِىٓ أَنفُسِهِم ۗ مَّا خَلَقَ ٱللَّهُ ٱلسَّمَٰوَٰتِ وَٱلْأَرْضَ وَمَا بَيْنَهُمَآ إِلَّا بِٱلْحَقِّ وَأَجَلٍۢ مُّسَمًّۭى ۗ وَإِنَّ كَثِيرًۭا مِّنَ ٱلنَّاسِ بِلِقَآئِ رَبِّهِمْ لَكَٰفِرُونَ",
      "translation": "Do they not contemplate within themselves? Allah has not created the heavens and the earth and what is between them except in truth and for a specified term. And indeed, many of the people, in [the matter of] the meeting with their Lord, are disbelievers."
    },
    {
      "n": 9,
      "arabic": "أَوَلَمْ يَسِيرُوا۟ فِى ٱلْأَرْضِ فَيَنظُرُوا۟ كَيْفَ كَانَ عَٰقِبَةُ ٱلَّذِينَ مِن قَبْلِهِمْ ۚ كَانُوٓا۟ أَشَدَّ مِنْهُمْ قُوَّةًۭ وَأَثَارُوا۟ ٱلْأَرْضَ وَعَمَرُوهَآ أَكْثَرَ مِمَّا عَمَرُوهَا وَجَآءَتْهُمْ رُسُلُهُم بِٱلْبَيِّنَٰتِ ۖ فَمَا كَانَ ٱللَّهُ لِيَظْلِمَهُمْ وَلَٰكِن كَانُوٓا۟ أَنفُسَهُمْ يَظْلِمُونَ",
      "translation": "Have they not traveled through the earth and observed how was the end of those before them? They were greater than them in power, and they plowed the earth and built it up more than they have built it up, and their messengers came to them with clear evidences. And Allah would not ever have wronged them, but they were wronging themselves."
    },
    {
      "n": 10,
      "arabic": "ثُمَّ كَانَ عَٰقِبَةَ ٱلَّذِينَ أَسَٰٓـُٔوا۟ ٱلسُّوٓأَىٰٓ أَن كَذَّبُوا۟ بِـَٔايَٰتِ ٱللَّهِ وَكَانُوا۟ بِهَا يَسْتَهْزِءُونَ",
      "translation": "Then the end of those who did evil was the worst [consequence] because they denied the signs of Allah and used to ridicule them."
    },
    {
      "n": 11,
      "arabic": "ٱللَّهُ يَبْدَؤُا۟ ٱلْخَلْقَ ثُمَّ يُعِيدُهُۥ ثُمَّ إِلَيْهِ تُرْجَعُونَ",
      "translation": "Allah begins creation; then He will repeat it; then to Him you will be returned."
    },
    {
      "n": 12,
      "arabic": "وَيَوْمَ تَقُومُ ٱلسَّاعَةُ يُبْلِسُ ٱلْمُجْرِمُونَ",
      "translation": "And the Day the Hour appears the criminals will be in despair."
    },
    {
      "n": 13,
      "arabic": "وَلَمْ يَكُن لَّهُم مِّن شُرَكَآئِهِمْ شُفَعَٰٓؤُا۟ وَكَانُوا۟ بِشُرَكَآئِهِمْ كَٰفِرِينَ",
      "translation": "And there will not be for them among their [alleged] partners any intercessors, and they will [then] be disbelievers in their partners."
    },
    {
      "n": 14,
      "arabic": "وَيَوْمَ تَقُومُ ٱلسَّاعَةُ يَوْمَئِذٍۢ يَتَفَرَّقُونَ",
      "translation": "And the Day the Hour appears - that Day they will become separated."
    },
    {
      "n": 15,
      "arabic": "فَأَمَّا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوا۟ وَعَمِلُوا۟ ٱلصَّٰلِحَٰتِ فَهُمْ فِى رَوْضَةٍۢ يُحْبَرُونَ",
      "translation": "And as for those who had believed and done righteous deeds, they will be in a garden [of Paradise], delighted."
    },
    {
      "n": 16,
      "arabic": "وَأَمَّا ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا۟ وَكَذَّبُوا۟ بِـَٔايَٰتِنَا وَلِقَآئِ ٱلْءَاخِرَةِ فَأُو۟لَٰٓئِكَ فِى ٱلْعَذَابِ مُحْضَرُونَ",
      "translation": "But as for those who disbelieved and denied Our verses and the meeting of the Hereafter, those will be brought into the punishment [to remain]."
    },
    {
      "n": 17,
      "arabic": "فَسُبْحَٰنَ ٱللَّهِ حِينَ تُمْسُونَ وَحِينَ تُصْبِحُونَ",
      "translation": "So exalted is Allah when you reach the evening and when you reach the morning."
    },
    {
      "n": 18,
      "arabic": "وَلَهُ ٱلْحَمْدُ فِى ٱلسَّمَٰوَٰتِ وَٱلْأَرْضِ وَعَشِيًّۭا وَحِينَ تُظْهِرُونَ",
      "translation": "And to Him is [due all] praise throughout the heavens and the earth. And [exalted is He] at night and when you are at noon."
    },
    {
      "n": 19,
      "arabic": "يُخْرِجُ ٱلْحَىَّ مِنَ ٱلْمَيِّتِ وَيُخْرِجُ ٱلْمَيِّتَ مِنَ ٱلْحَىِّ وَيُحْىِ ٱلْأَرْضَ بَعْدَ مَوْتِهَا ۚ وَكَذَٰلِكَ تُخْرَجُونَ",
      "translation": "He brings the living out of the dead and brings the dead out of the living and brings to life the earth after its lifelessness. And thus will you be brought out."
    },
    {
      "n": 20,
      "arabic": "وَمِنْ ءَايَٰتِهِۦٓ أَنْ خَلَقَكُم مِّن تُرَابٍۢ ثُمَّ إِذَآ أَنتُم بَشَرٌۭ تَنتَشِرُونَ",
      "translation": "And of His signs is that He created you from dust; then, suddenly you were human beings dispersing [throughout the earth]."
    },
    {
      "n": 21,
      "arabic": "وَمِنْ ءَايَٰتِهِۦٓ أَنْ خَلَقَ لَكُم مِّنْ أَنفُسِكُمْ أَزْوَٰجًۭا لِّتَسْكُنُوٓا۟ إِلَيْهَا وَجَعَلَ بَيْنَكُم مَّوَدَّةًۭ وَرَحْمَةً ۚ إِنَّ فِى ذَٰلِكَ لَءَايَٰتٍۢ لِّقَوْمٍۢ يَتَفَكَّرُونَ",
      "translation": "And of His signs is that He created for you from yourselves mates that you may find tranquillity in them; and He placed between you affection and mercy. Indeed in that are signs for a people who give thought."
    },
    {
      "n": 22,
      "arabic": "وَمِنْ ءَايَٰتِهِۦ خَلْقُ ٱلسَّمَٰوَٰتِ وَٱلْأَرْضِ وَٱخْتِلَٰفُ أَلْسِنَتِكُمْ وَأَلْوَٰنِكُمْ ۚ إِنَّ فِى ذَٰلِكَ لَءَايَٰتٍۢ لِّلْعَٰلِمِينَ",
      "translation": "And of His signs is the creation of the heavens and the earth and the diversity of your languages and your colors. Indeed in that are signs for those of knowledge."
    },
    {
      "n": 23,
      "arabic": "وَمِنْ ءَايَٰتِهِۦ مَنَامُكُم بِٱلَّيْلِ وَٱلنَّهَارِ وَٱبْتِغَآؤُكُم مِّن فَضْلِهِۦٓ ۚ إِنَّ فِى ذَٰلِكَ لَءَايَٰتٍۢ لِّقَوْمٍۢ يَسْمَعُونَ",
      "translation": "And of His signs is your sleep by night and day and your seeking of His bounty. Indeed in that are signs for a people who listen."
    },
    {
      "n": 24,
      "arabic": "وَمِنْ ءَايَٰتِهِۦ يُرِيكُمُ ٱلْبَرْقَ خَوْفًۭا وَطَمَعًۭا وَيُنَزِّلُ مِنَ ٱلسَّمَآءِ مَآءًۭ فَيُحْىِۦ بِهِ ٱلْأَرْضَ بَعْدَ مَوْتِهَآ ۚ إِنَّ فِى ذَٰلِكَ لَءَايَٰتٍۢ لِّقَوْمٍۢ يَعْقِلُونَ",
      "translation": "And of His signs is [that] He shows you the lightning [causing] fear and aspiration, and He sends down rain from the sky by which He brings to life the earth after its lifelessness. Indeed in that are signs for a people who use reason."
    },
    {
      "n": 25,
      "arabic": "وَمِنْ ءَايَٰتِهِۦٓ أَن تَقُومَ ٱلسَّمَآءُ وَٱلْأَرْضُ بِأَمْرِهِۦ ۚ ثُمَّ إِذَا دَعَاكُمْ دَعْوَةًۭ مِّنَ ٱلْأَرْضِ إِذَآ أَنتُمْ تَخْرُجُونَ",
      "translation": "And of His signs is that the heaven and earth remain by His command. Then when He calls you with a [single] call from the earth, immediately you will come forth."
    },
    {
      "n": 26,
      "arabic": "وَلَهُۥ مَن فِى ٱلسَّمَٰوَٰتِ وَٱلْأَرْضِ ۖ كُلٌّۭ لَّهُۥ قَٰنِتُونَ",
      "translation": "And to Him belongs whoever is in the heavens and earth. All are to Him devoutly obedient."
    },
    {
      "n": 27,
      "arabic": "وَهُوَ ٱلَّذِى يَبْدَؤُا۟ ٱلْخَلْقَ ثُمَّ يُعِيدُهُۥ وَهُوَ أَهْوَنُ عَلَيْهِ ۚ وَلَهُ ٱلْمَثَلُ ٱلْأَعْلَىٰ فِى ٱلسَّمَٰوَٰتِ وَٱلْأَرْضِ ۚ وَهُوَ ٱلْعَزِيزُ ٱلْحَكِيمُ",
      "translation": "And it is He who begins creation; then He repeats it, and that is [even] easier for Him. To Him belongs the highest attribute in the heavens and earth. And He is the Exalted in Might, the Wise."
    },
    {
      "n": 28,
      "arabic": "ضَرَبَ لَكُم مَّثَلًۭا مِّنْ أَنفُسِكُمْ ۖ هَل لَّكُم مِّن مَّا مَلَكَتْ أَيْمَٰنُكُم مِّن شُرَكَآءَ فِى مَا رَزَقْنَٰكُمْ فَأَنتُمْ فِيهِ سَوَآءٌۭ تَخَافُونَهُمْ كَخِيفَتِكُمْ أَنفُسَكُمْ ۚ كَذَٰلِكَ نُفَصِّلُ ٱلْءَايَٰتِ لِقَوْمٍۢ يَعْقِلُونَ",
      "translation": "He presents to you an example from yourselves. Do you have among those whom your right hands possess any partners in what We have provided for you so that you are equal therein [and] would fear them as your fear of one another [within a partnership]? Thus do We detail the verses for a people who use reason."
    },
    {
      "n": 29,
      "arabic": "بَلِ ٱتَّبَعَ ٱلَّذِينَ ظَلَمُوٓا۟ أَهْوَآءَهُم بِغَيْرِ عِلْمٍۢ ۖ فَمَن يَهْدِى مَنْ أَضَلَّ ٱللَّهُ ۖ وَمَا لَهُم مِّن نَّٰصِرِينَ",
      "translation": "But those who wrong follow their [own] desires without knowledge. Then who can guide one whom Allah has sent astray? And for them there are no helpers."
    },
    {
      "n": 30,
      "arabic": "فَأَقِمْ وَجْهَكَ لِلدِّينِ حَنِيفًۭا ۚ فِطْرَتَ ٱللَّهِ ٱلَّتِى فَطَرَ ٱلنَّاسَ عَلَيْهَا ۚ لَا تَبْدِيلَ لِخَلْقِ ٱللَّهِ ۚ ذَٰلِكَ ٱلدِّينُ ٱلْقَيِّمُ وَلَٰكِنَّ أَكْثَرَ ٱلنَّاسِ لَا يَعْلَمُونَ",
      "translation": "So direct your face toward the religion, inclining to truth. [Adhere to] the fitrah of Allah upon which He has created [all] people. No change should there be in the creation of Allah. That is the correct religion, but most of the people do not know."
    },
    {
      "n": 31,
      "arabic": "۞ مُنِيبِينَ إِلَيْهِ وَٱتَّقُوهُ وَأَقِيمُوا۟ ٱلصَّلَوٰةَ وَلَا تَكُونُوا۟ مِنَ ٱلْمُشْرِكِينَ",
      "translation": "[Adhere to it], turning in repentance to Him, and fear Him and establish prayer and do not be of those who associate others with Allah"
    },
    {
      "n": 32,
      "arabic": "مِنَ ٱلَّذِينَ فَرَّقُوا۟ دِينَهُمْ وَكَانُوا۟ شِيَعًۭا ۖ كُلُّ حِزْبٍۭ بِمَا لَدَيْهِمْ فَرِحُونَ",
      "translation": "[Or] of those who have divided their religion and become sects, every faction rejoicing in what it has."
    },
    {
      "n": 33,
      "arabic": "وَإِذَا مَسَّ ٱلنَّاسَ ضُرٌّۭ دَعَوْا۟ رَبَّهُم مُّنِيبِينَ إِلَيْهِ ثُمَّ إِذَآ أَذَاقَهُم مِّنْهُ رَحْمَةً إِذَا فَرِيقٌۭ مِّنْهُم بِرَبِّهِمْ يُشْرِكُونَ",
      "translation": "And when adversity touches the people, they call upon their Lord, turning in repentance to Him. Then when He lets them taste mercy from Him, at once a party of them associate others with their Lord,"
    },
    {
      "n": 34,
      "arabic": "لِيَكْفُرُوا۟ بِمَآ ءَاتَيْنَٰهُمْ ۚ فَتَمَتَّعُوا۟ فَسَوْفَ تَعْلَمُونَ",
      "translation": "So that they will deny what We have granted them. Then enjoy yourselves, for you are going to know."
    },
    {
      "n": 35,
      "arabic": "أَمْ أَنزَلْنَا عَلَيْهِمْ سُلْطَٰنًۭا فَهُوَ يَتَكَلَّمُ بِمَا كَانُوا۟ بِهِۦ يُشْرِكُونَ",
      "translation": "Or have We sent down to them an authority, and it speaks of what they were associating with Him?"
    },
    {
      "n": 36,
      "arabic": "وَإِذَآ أَذَقْنَا ٱلنَّاسَ رَحْمَةًۭ فَرِحُوا۟ بِهَا ۖ وَإِن تُصِبْهُمْ سَيِّئَةٌۢ بِمَا قَدَّمَتْ أَيْدِيهِمْ إِذَا هُمْ يَقْنَطُونَ",
      "translation": "And when We let the people taste mercy, they rejoice therein, but if evil afflicts them for what their hands have put forth, immediately they despair."
    },
    {
      "n": 37,
      "arabic": "أَوَلَمْ يَرَوْا۟ أَنَّ ٱللَّهَ يَبْسُطُ ٱلرِّزْقَ لِمَن يَشَآءُ وَيَقْدِرُ ۚ إِنَّ فِى ذَٰلِكَ لَءَايَٰتٍۢ لِّقَوْمٍۢ يُؤْمِنُونَ",
      "translation": "Do they not see that Allah extends provision for whom He wills and restricts [it]? Indeed, in that are signs for a people who believe."
    },
    {
      "n": 38,
      "arabic": "فَـَٔاتِ ذَا ٱلْقُرْبَىٰ حَقَّهُۥ وَٱلْمِسْكِينَ وَٱبْنَ ٱلسَّبِيلِ ۚ ذَٰلِكَ خَيْرٌۭ لِّلَّذِينَ يُرِيدُونَ وَجْهَ ٱللَّهِ ۖ وَأُو۟لَٰٓئِكَ هُمُ ٱلْمُفْلِحُونَ",
      "translation": "So give the relative his right, as well as the needy and the traveler. That is best for those who desire the countenance of Allah, and it is they who will be the successful."
    },
    {
      "n": 39,
      "arabic": "وَمَآ ءَاتَيْتُم مِّن رِّبًۭا لِّيَرْبُوَا۟ فِىٓ أَمْوَٰلِ ٱلنَّاسِ فَلَا يَرْبُوا۟ عِندَ ٱللَّهِ ۖ وَمَآ ءَاتَيْتُم مِّن زَكَوٰةٍۢ تُرِيدُونَ وَجْهَ ٱللَّهِ فَأُو۟لَٰٓئِكَ هُمُ ٱلْمُضْعِفُونَ",
      "translation": "And whatever you give for interest to increase within the wealth of people will not increase with Allah. But what you give in zakah, desiring the countenance of Allah - those are the multipliers."
    },
    {
      "n": 40,
      "arabic": "ٱللَّهُ ٱلَّذِى خَلَقَكُمْ ثُمَّ رَزَقَكُمْ ثُمَّ يُمِيتُكُمْ ثُمَّ يُحْيِيكُمْ ۖ هَلْ مِن شُرَكَآئِكُم مَّن يَفْعَلُ مِن ذَٰلِكُم مِّن شَىْءٍۢ ۚ سُبْحَٰنَهُۥ وَتَعَٰلَىٰ عَمَّا يُشْرِكُونَ",
      "translation": "Allah is the one who created you, then provided for you, then will cause you to die, and then will give you life. Are there any of your \"partners\" who does anything of that? Exalted is He and high above what they associate with Him."
    },
    {
      "n": 41,
      "arabic": "ظَهَرَ ٱلْفَسَادُ فِى ٱلْبَرِّ وَٱلْبَحْرِ بِمَا كَسَبَتْ أَيْدِى ٱلنَّاسِ لِيُذِيقَهُم بَعْضَ ٱلَّذِى عَمِلُوا۟ لَعَلَّهُمْ يَرْجِعُونَ",
      "translation": "Corruption has appeared throughout the land and sea by [reason of] what the hands of people have earned so He may let them taste part of [the consequence of] what they have done that perhaps they will return [to righteousness]."
    },
    {
      "n": 42,
      "arabic": "قُلْ سِيرُوا۟ فِى ٱلْأَرْضِ فَٱنظُرُوا۟ كَيْفَ كَانَ عَٰقِبَةُ ٱلَّذِينَ مِن قَبْلُ ۚ كَانَ أَكْثَرُهُم مُّشْرِكِينَ",
      "translation": "Say, [O Muhammad], \"Travel through the land and observe how was the end of those before. Most of them were associators [of others with Allah]."
    },
    {
      "n": 43,
      "arabic": "فَأَقِمْ وَجْهَكَ لِلدِّينِ ٱلْقَيِّمِ مِن قَبْلِ أَن يَأْتِىَ يَوْمٌۭ لَّا مَرَدَّ لَهُۥ مِنَ ٱللَّهِ ۖ يَوْمَئِذٍۢ يَصَّدَّعُونَ",
      "translation": "So direct your face toward the correct religion before a Day comes from Allah of which there is no repelling. That Day, they will be divided."
    },
    {
      "n": 44,
      "arabic": "مَن كَفَرَ فَعَلَيْهِ كُفْرُهُۥ ۖ وَمَنْ عَمِلَ صَٰلِحًۭا فَلِأَنفُسِهِمْ يَمْهَدُونَ",
      "translation": "Whoever disbelieves - upon him is [the consequence of] his disbelief. And whoever does righteousness - they are for themselves preparing,"
    },
    {
      "n": 45,
      "arabic": "لِيَجْزِىَ ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوا۟ وَعَمِلُوا۟ ٱلصَّٰلِحَٰتِ مِن فَضْلِهِۦٓ ۚ إِنَّهُۥ لَا يُحِبُّ ٱلْكَٰفِرِينَ",
      "translation": "That He may reward those who have believed and done righteous deeds out of His bounty. Indeed, He does not like the disbelievers."
    },
    {
      "n": 46,
      "arabic": "وَمِنْ ءَايَٰتِهِۦٓ أَن يُرْسِلَ ٱلرِّيَاحَ مُبَشِّرَٰتٍۢ وَلِيُذِيقَكُم مِّن رَّحْمَتِهِۦ وَلِتَجْرِىَ ٱلْفُلْكُ بِأَمْرِهِۦ وَلِتَبْتَغُوا۟ مِن فَضْلِهِۦ وَلَعَلَّكُمْ تَشْكُرُونَ",
      "translation": "And of His signs is that He sends the winds as bringers of good tidings and to let you taste His mercy and so the ships may sail at His command and so you may seek of His bounty, and perhaps you will be grateful."
    },
    {
      "n": 47,
      "arabic": "وَلَقَدْ أَرْسَلْنَا مِن قَبْلِكَ رُسُلًا إِلَىٰ قَوْمِهِمْ فَجَآءُوهُم بِٱلْبَيِّنَٰتِ فَٱنتَقَمْنَا مِنَ ٱلَّذِينَ أَجْرَمُوا۟ ۖ وَكَانَ حَقًّا عَلَيْنَا نَصْرُ ٱلْمُؤْمِنِينَ",
      "translation": "And We have already sent messengers before you to their peoples, and they came to them with clear evidences; then We took retribution from those who committed crimes, and incumbent upon Us was support of the believers."
    },
    {
      "n": 48,
      "arabic": "ٱللَّهُ ٱلَّذِى يُرْسِلُ ٱلرِّيَٰحَ فَتُثِيرُ سَحَابًۭا فَيَبْسُطُهُۥ فِى ٱلسَّمَآءِ كَيْفَ يَشَآءُ وَيَجْعَلُهُۥ كِسَفًۭا فَتَرَى ٱلْوَدْقَ يَخْرُجُ مِنْ خِلَٰلِهِۦ ۖ فَإِذَآ أَصَابَ بِهِۦ مَن يَشَآءُ مِنْ عِبَادِهِۦٓ إِذَا هُمْ يَسْتَبْشِرُونَ",
      "translation": "It is Allah who sends the winds, and they stir the clouds and spread them in the sky however He wills, and He makes them fragments so you see the rain emerge from within them. And when He causes it to fall upon whom He wills of His servants, immediately they rejoice"
    },
    {
      "n": 49,
      "arabic": "وَإِن كَانُوا۟ مِن قَبْلِ أَن يُنَزَّلَ عَلَيْهِم مِّن قَبْلِهِۦ لَمُبْلِسِينَ",
      "translation": "Although they were, before it was sent down upon them - before that, in despair."
    },
    {
      "n": 50,
      "arabic": "فَٱنظُرْ إِلَىٰٓ ءَاثَٰرِ رَحْمَتِ ٱللَّهِ كَيْفَ يُحْىِ ٱلْأَرْضَ بَعْدَ مَوْتِهَآ ۚ إِنَّ ذَٰلِكَ لَمُحْىِ ٱلْمَوْتَىٰ ۖ وَهُوَ عَلَىٰ كُلِّ شَىْءٍۢ قَدِيرٌۭ",
      "translation": "So observe the effects of the mercy of Allah - how He gives life to the earth after its lifelessness. Indeed, that [same one] will give life to the dead, and He is over all things competent."
    },
    {
      "n": 51,
      "arabic": "وَلَئِنْ أَرْسَلْنَا رِيحًۭا فَرَأَوْهُ مُصْفَرًّۭا لَّظَلُّوا۟ مِنۢ بَعْدِهِۦ يَكْفُرُونَ",
      "translation": "But if We should send a [bad] wind and they saw [their crops] turned yellow, they would remain thereafter disbelievers."
    },
    {
      "n": 52,
      "arabic": "فَإِنَّكَ لَا تُسْمِعُ ٱلْمَوْتَىٰ وَلَا تُسْمِعُ ٱلصُّمَّ ٱلدُّعَآءَ إِذَا وَلَّوْا۟ مُدْبِرِينَ",
      "translation": "So indeed, you will not make the dead hear, nor will you make the deaf hear the call when they turn their backs, retreating."
    },
    {
      "n": 53,
      "arabic": "وَمَآ أَنتَ بِهَٰدِ ٱلْعُمْىِ عَن ضَلَٰلَتِهِمْ ۖ إِن تُسْمِعُ إِلَّا مَن يُؤْمِنُ بِـَٔايَٰتِنَا فَهُم مُّسْلِمُونَ",
      "translation": "And you cannot guide the blind away from their error. You will only make hear those who believe in Our verses so they are Muslims [in submission to Allah]."
    },
    {
      "n": 54,
      "arabic": "۞ ٱللَّهُ ٱلَّذِى خَلَقَكُم مِّن ضَعْفٍۢ ثُمَّ جَعَلَ مِنۢ بَعْدِ ضَعْفٍۢ قُوَّةًۭ ثُمَّ جَعَلَ مِنۢ بَعْدِ قُوَّةٍۢ ضَعْفًۭا وَشَيْبَةًۭ ۚ يَخْلُقُ مَا يَشَآءُ ۖ وَهُوَ ٱلْعَلِيمُ ٱلْقَدِيرُ",
      "translation": "Allah is the one who created you from weakness, then made after weakness strength, then made after strength weakness and white hair. He creates what He wills, and He is the Knowing, the Competent."
    },
    {
      "n": 55,
      "arabic": "وَيَوْمَ تَقُومُ ٱلسَّاعَةُ يُقْسِمُ ٱلْمُجْرِمُونَ مَا لَبِثُوا۟ غَيْرَ سَاعَةٍۢ ۚ كَذَٰلِكَ كَانُوا۟ يُؤْفَكُونَ",
      "translation": "And the Day the Hour appears the criminals will swear they had remained but an hour. Thus they were deluded."
    },
    {
      "n": 56,
      "arabic": "وَقَالَ ٱلَّذِينَ أُوتُوا۟ ٱلْعِلْمَ وَٱلْإِيمَٰنَ لَقَدْ لَبِثْتُمْ فِى كِتَٰبِ ٱللَّهِ إِلَىٰ يَوْمِ ٱلْبَعْثِ ۖ فَهَٰذَا يَوْمُ ٱلْبَعْثِ وَلَٰكِنَّكُمْ كُنتُمْ لَا تَعْلَمُونَ",
      "translation": "But those who were given knowledge and faith will say, \"You remained the extent of Allah 's decree until the Day of Resurrection, and this is the Day of Resurrection, but you did not used to know.\""
    },
    {
      "n": 57,
      "arabic": "فَيَوْمَئِذٍۢ لَّا يَنفَعُ ٱلَّذِينَ ظَلَمُوا۟ مَعْذِرَتُهُمْ وَلَا هُمْ يُسْتَعْتَبُونَ",
      "translation": "So that Day, their excuse will not benefit those who wronged, nor will they be asked to appease [Allah]."
    },
    {
      "n": 58,
      "arabic": "وَلَقَدْ ضَرَبْنَا لِلنَّاسِ فِى هَٰذَا ٱلْقُرْءَانِ مِن كُلِّ مَثَلٍۢ ۚ وَلَئِن جِئْتَهُم بِـَٔايَةٍۢ لَّيَقُولَنَّ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوٓا۟ إِنْ أَنتُمْ إِلَّا مُبْطِلُونَ",
      "translation": "And We have certainly presented to the people in this Qur'an from every [kind of] example. But, [O Muhammad], if you should bring them a sign, the disbelievers will surely say, \"You [believers] are but falsifiers.\""
    },
    {
      "n": 59,
      "arabic": "كَذَٰلِكَ يَطْبَعُ ٱللَّهُ عَلَىٰ قُلُوبِ ٱلَّذِينَ لَا يَعْلَمُونَ",
      "translation": "Thus does Allah seal the hearts of those who do not know."
    },
    {
      "n": 60,
      "arabic": "فَٱصْبِرْ إِنَّ وَعْدَ ٱللَّهِ حَقٌّۭ ۖ وَلَا يَسْتَخِفَّنَّكَ ٱلَّذِينَ لَا يُوقِنُونَ",
      "translation": "So be patient. Indeed, the promise of Allah is truth. And let them not disquiet you who are not certain [in faith]."
    }
  ],
  "glosses": [
    [
      "Alif Lam Meem."
    ],
    [
      "Have been defeated",
      "the Romans"
    ],
    [
      "In",
      "(the) nearest",
      "land.",
      "But they,",
      "[from]",
      "after",
      "their defeat,",
      "will overcome"
    ],
    [
      "Within",
      "a few",
      "years.",
      "For Allah",
      "(is) the command",
      "[from]",
      "before",
      "and [from]",
      "after",
      "And that day",
      "will rejoice",
      "the believers"
    ],
    [
      "With (the) help",
      "(of) Allah.",
      "He helps",
      "whom",
      "He wills.",
      "And He",
      "(is) the All-Mighty,",
      "the Most Merciful."
    ],
    [
      "(It is the) Promise",
      "(of) Allah.",
      "(Does) not",
      "fail",
      "Allah",
      "(in) His promise,",
      "but",
      "most (of)",
      "[the] people",
      "(do) not",
      "know."
    ],
    [
      "They know",
      "(the) apparent",
      "of",
      "the life",
      "(of) the world,",
      "but they,",
      "about",
      "the Hereafter,",
      "[they]",
      "(are) heedless."
    ],
    [
      "Do not",
      "they ponder",
      "within",
      "themselves?",
      "Not",
      "has created",
      "Allah",
      "the heavens",
      "and the earth,",
      "and what",
      "(is) between them",
      "except",
      "in truth",
      "and (for) a term",
      "appointed.",
      "And indeed,",
      "many",
      "of",
      "the people",
      "in (the) meeting",
      "(with) their Lord",
      "surely (are) disbelievers."
    ],
    [
      "Have not",
      "they traveled",
      "in",
      "the earth",
      "and observed",
      "how",
      "was",
      "(the) end",
      "(of) those",
      "[from]",
      "before them",
      "They were",
      "mightier",
      "than them",
      "(in) strength,",
      "and they dug",
      "the earth",
      "and built (on) it",
      "more",
      "than what",
      "they have built (on) it.",
      "And came (to) them",
      "their Messengers",
      "with clear proofs.",
      "So not",
      "was",
      "Allah",
      "to wrong them",
      "but",
      "they were",
      "themselves",
      "(doing) wrong."
    ],
    [
      "Then",
      "was",
      "(the) end",
      "(of) those who",
      "did evil -",
      "the evil,",
      "because",
      "they denied",
      "(the) Signs",
      "(of) Allah",
      "and were",
      "of them",
      "making mockery."
    ],
    [
      "Allah",
      "originates",
      "the creation,",
      "then",
      "He repeats it,",
      "then",
      "to Him",
      "you will be returned."
    ],
    [
      "And (the) Day",
      "will (be) established",
      "the Hour,",
      "will (be in) despair",
      "the criminals."
    ],
    [
      "And not",
      "will be",
      "for them",
      "among",
      "theirs partners",
      "any intercessors",
      "and they will be",
      "in their partners",
      "disbelievers."
    ],
    [
      "And (the) Day",
      "will (be) established",
      "the Hour,",
      "that Day",
      "they will become separated."
    ],
    [
      "Then as for",
      "those who",
      "believed",
      "and did",
      "righteous deeds,",
      "so they",
      "in",
      "a Garden",
      "will be delighted."
    ],
    [
      "But as for",
      "those who",
      "disbelieved",
      "and denied",
      "Our Signs",
      "and (the) meeting",
      "(of) the Hereafter,",
      "then those",
      "in",
      "the punishment",
      "(will be) brought forth."
    ],
    [
      "So glory be to",
      "Allah",
      "when",
      "you reach the evening",
      "and when",
      "you reach the morning."
    ],
    [
      "And for Him",
      "(are) all praises",
      "in",
      "the heavens",
      "and the earth",
      "and (at) night",
      "and when",
      "you are at noon."
    ],
    [
      "He brings forth",
      "the living",
      "from",
      "the dead",
      "and He brings forth",
      "the dead",
      "from",
      "the living,",
      "and He gives life",
      "(to) the earth",
      "after",
      "its death,",
      "and thus",
      "you will be brought forth."
    ],
    [
      "And among",
      "His Signs",
      "(is) that",
      "He created you",
      "from",
      "dust",
      "then",
      "behold!",
      "You",
      "(are) human beings",
      "dispersing."
    ],
    [
      "And among",
      "His Signs",
      "(is) that",
      "He created",
      "for you",
      "from",
      "yourselves",
      "mates",
      "that you may find tranquility",
      "in them;",
      "and He placed",
      "between you",
      "love",
      "and mercy.",
      "Indeed,",
      "in",
      "that",
      "surely (are) Signs",
      "for a people",
      "who reflect."
    ],
    [
      "And among",
      "His Signs",
      "(is the) creation",
      "(of) the heavens",
      "and the earth,",
      "and the diversity",
      "(of) your languages",
      "and your colors.",
      "Indeed,",
      "in",
      "that",
      "surely (are) Signs",
      "for those of knowledge."
    ],
    [
      "And among",
      "His Signs",
      "(is) your sleep",
      "by night",
      "and the day",
      "[and] your seeking",
      "of",
      "His Bounty.",
      "Indeed,",
      "in",
      "that",
      "surely (are) Signs",
      "for a people",
      "who listen."
    ],
    [
      "And among",
      "His Signs",
      "He shows you",
      "the lightning",
      "(causing) fear",
      "and hope,",
      "and He sends down",
      "from",
      "the sky",
      "water",
      "and gives life",
      "therewith",
      "(to) the earth",
      "after",
      "its death.",
      "Indeed,",
      "in",
      "that",
      "surely (are) Signs",
      "for a people",
      "who use intellect."
    ],
    [
      "And among",
      "His Signs",
      "(is) that",
      "stands",
      "the heavens",
      "and the earth",
      "by His Command.",
      "Then",
      "when",
      "He calls you",
      "(with) a call,",
      "from",
      "the earth,",
      "behold!",
      "You",
      "will come forth."
    ],
    [
      "And to Him (belongs)",
      "whoever",
      "(is) in",
      "the heavens",
      "and the earth.",
      "All",
      "to Him",
      "(are) obedient."
    ],
    [
      "And He",
      "(is) the One Who",
      "originates",
      "the creation",
      "then",
      "repeats it,",
      "and it",
      "(is) easier",
      "for Him.",
      "And for Him",
      "(is) the description,",
      "the highest",
      "in",
      "the heavens",
      "and the earth.",
      "And He",
      "(is) the All-Mighty,",
      "the All-Wise."
    ],
    [
      "He sets forth",
      "to you",
      "an example",
      "from",
      "yourselves.",
      "Is",
      "for you",
      "among",
      "what",
      "possess",
      "your right hands",
      "any",
      "partners",
      "in",
      "what",
      "We have provided you",
      "so you",
      "in it",
      "(are) equal,",
      "you fear them",
      "as you fear",
      "yourselves?",
      "Thus",
      "We explain",
      "the Verses",
      "for a people",
      "(who) use reason."
    ],
    [
      "Nay,",
      "follow",
      "those who",
      "do wrong,",
      "their desires,",
      "without",
      "knowledge.",
      "Then who",
      "(can) guide",
      "(one) whom",
      "has let go astray",
      "Allah",
      "And not",
      "for them",
      "any",
      "helpers."
    ],
    [
      "So set",
      "your face",
      "to the religion",
      "upright.",
      "Nature",
      "(made by) Allah",
      "(upon) which",
      "He has created",
      "mankind",
      "[on it].",
      "No",
      "change",
      "(should there be) in the creation",
      "(of) Allah.",
      "That",
      "(is) the religion",
      "the correct,",
      "but",
      "most",
      "men",
      "(do) not",
      "know."
    ],
    [
      "Turning",
      "to Him,",
      "and fear Him",
      "and establish",
      "the prayer",
      "and (do) not",
      "be",
      "of",
      "the polytheists"
    ],
    [
      "Of",
      "those who",
      "divide",
      "their religion",
      "and become",
      "sects,",
      "each",
      "party",
      "in what",
      "they have",
      "rejoicing."
    ],
    [
      "And when",
      "touches",
      "people",
      "hardship,",
      "they call",
      "their Lord",
      "turning",
      "to Him.",
      "Then",
      "when",
      "He causes them to taste",
      "from Him",
      "Mercy",
      "behold!",
      "A party",
      "of them",
      "with their Lord",
      "associate partners"
    ],
    [
      "So as to deny",
      "[in] what,",
      "We have granted them.",
      "Then enjoy,",
      "but soon",
      "you will know."
    ],
    [
      "Or",
      "have We sent",
      "to them",
      "an authority",
      "and it",
      "speaks",
      "of what",
      "they were",
      "with Him",
      "associating?"
    ],
    [
      "And when",
      "We cause to taste",
      "the people",
      "mercy,",
      "they rejoice",
      "therein.",
      "But if",
      "afflicts them",
      "an evil",
      "for what",
      "have sent forth",
      "their hands,",
      "behold!",
      "They",
      "despair."
    ],
    [
      "Do not",
      "they see",
      "that",
      "Allah",
      "extends",
      "the provision",
      "for whom",
      "He wills",
      "and straitens (it).",
      "Indeed,",
      "in",
      "that",
      "surely (are) Signs",
      "for a people",
      "who believe."
    ],
    [
      "So give",
      "the possessor of",
      "kinship",
      "his right",
      "and the poor",
      "and the son of",
      "the road (traveler)",
      "That",
      "(is) best",
      "for those who",
      "desire",
      "(the) Countenance",
      "(of) Allah.",
      "And those,",
      "they",
      "(are) the successful ones."
    ],
    [
      "And what",
      "you give",
      "for",
      "usury",
      "to increase",
      "in",
      "(the) wealth",
      "(of) people,",
      "not",
      "(will) increase",
      "with",
      "Allah.",
      "But what",
      "you give",
      "of",
      "zakah",
      "desiring",
      "(the) Countenance",
      "(of) Allah,",
      "then those",
      "[they]",
      "(will) get manifold."
    ],
    [
      "Allah",
      "(is) the One Who",
      "created you,",
      "then",
      "He provided (for) you,",
      "then",
      "He will cause you to die",
      "then",
      "He will give you life.",
      "Is (there)",
      "any",
      "(of) your partners",
      "who",
      "does",
      "of",
      "that",
      "any",
      "thing?",
      "Glory be to Him",
      "and exalted is He",
      "above what",
      "they associate."
    ],
    [
      "Has appeared",
      "the corruption",
      "in",
      "the land",
      "and the sea",
      "for what",
      "have earned",
      "(the) hands",
      "(of) people,",
      "so that He may let them taste",
      "a part",
      "(of) that which",
      "they have done",
      "so that they may",
      "return."
    ],
    [
      "Say,",
      "\"Travel",
      "in",
      "the earth",
      "and see",
      "how",
      "was",
      "(the) end",
      "(of) those who",
      "[from]",
      "before",
      "were",
      "most of them",
      "polytheists.\""
    ],
    [
      "So set",
      "your face",
      "to the religion",
      "right,",
      "[from]",
      "before",
      "[that]",
      "comes",
      "a Day",
      "not",
      "(can be) averted",
      "[it]",
      "from",
      "Allah.",
      "That Day,",
      "they will be divided."
    ],
    [
      "Whoever",
      "disbelieves,",
      "then against him",
      "(is) his disbelief.",
      "And whoever",
      "does",
      "righteousness,",
      "then for themselves",
      "they are preparing,"
    ],
    [
      "That He may reward",
      "those who",
      "believe",
      "and do",
      "righteous deeds",
      "(out) of",
      "His Bounty.",
      "Indeed, He",
      "(does) not",
      "like",
      "the disbelievers."
    ],
    [
      "And among",
      "His Signs",
      "(is) that",
      "He sends",
      "the winds",
      "(as) bearers of glad tidings",
      "and to let you taste",
      "of",
      "His Mercy,",
      "and that may sail",
      "the ships",
      "at His Command,",
      "and that you may seek",
      "of",
      "His Bounty,",
      "and that you may",
      "be grateful."
    ],
    [
      "And verily,",
      "We sent",
      "[from]",
      "before you",
      "Messengers",
      "to",
      "their people,",
      "and they came to them",
      "with clear proofs;",
      "then We took retribution",
      "from",
      "those who",
      "committed crimes.",
      "And it was",
      "incumbent",
      "upon Us",
      "(to) help",
      "the believers."
    ],
    [
      "Allah",
      "(is) the One Who",
      "sends",
      "the winds,",
      "so they raise",
      "(the) clouds,",
      "then He spreads them",
      "in",
      "the sky,",
      "how",
      "He wills,",
      "and He makes them",
      "fragments",
      "so you see",
      "the rain",
      "coming forth",
      "from",
      "their midst.",
      "Then when",
      "He causes to reach",
      "it",
      "whom",
      "He wills",
      "of",
      "His slaves,",
      "behold!",
      "They",
      "rejoice."
    ],
    [
      "And certainly",
      "they were,",
      "[from]",
      "before",
      "[that]",
      "it was sent down",
      "upon them,",
      "[from]",
      "before it",
      "surely in despair."
    ],
    [
      "So look",
      "at",
      "(the) effects",
      "(of the) Mercy",
      "(of) Allah,",
      "how",
      "He gives life",
      "(to) the earth",
      "after",
      "its death.",
      "Indeed,",
      "that",
      "surely He (will) give life",
      "(to) the dead.",
      "And He",
      "(is) on",
      "every",
      "thing",
      "All-Powerful."
    ],
    [
      "But if",
      "We sent",
      "a wind",
      "and they see it",
      "turn yellow,",
      "certainly they continue",
      "[from]",
      "after it",
      "(in) disbelief."
    ],
    [
      "So indeed, you",
      "(can) not",
      "make hear",
      "the dead",
      "and not",
      "make hear",
      "the deaf",
      "the call",
      "when",
      "they turn,",
      "retreating."
    ],
    [
      "And not",
      "you",
      "can guide",
      "the blind",
      "from",
      "their error.",
      "Not",
      "you can make hear",
      "except",
      "(those) who",
      "believe",
      "in Our Verses",
      "so they",
      "surrender."
    ],
    [
      "Allah",
      "(is) the One Who",
      "created you",
      "from",
      "weakness,",
      "then",
      "made",
      "[from]",
      "after",
      "weakness",
      "strength,",
      "then",
      "made",
      "[from]",
      "after",
      "strength",
      "weakness",
      "and gray hair.",
      "He creates",
      "what",
      "He wills,",
      "and He",
      "(is) the All-Knower",
      "the All-Powerful."
    ],
    [
      "And (the) Day",
      "will (be) established",
      "the Hour",
      "will swear",
      "the criminals",
      "not",
      "they remained",
      "but",
      "an hour.",
      "Thus",
      "they were",
      "deluded."
    ],
    [
      "But will say",
      "those who",
      "were given",
      "the knowledge",
      "and the faith,",
      "\"Verily",
      "you remained",
      "by",
      "(the) Decree",
      "(of) Allah",
      "until",
      "(the) Day",
      "(of) Resurrection.",
      "And this",
      "(is the) Day",
      "(of) the Resurrection",
      "but you",
      "were",
      "not",
      "knowing."
    ],
    [
      "So that Day,",
      "not",
      "will profit",
      "those who",
      "wronged",
      "their excuses",
      "and not",
      "they",
      "will be allowed to make amends."
    ],
    [
      "And verily,",
      "We (have) set forth",
      "for mankind",
      "in",
      "this -",
      "[the] Quran",
      "of",
      "every",
      "example.",
      "But if",
      "you bring them",
      "a sign,",
      "surely will say",
      "those who",
      "disbelieve,",
      "\"Not",
      "you",
      "(are) except",
      "falsifiers.\""
    ],
    [
      "Thus",
      "seals",
      "Allah",
      "[on]",
      "(the) hearts",
      "(of) those who",
      "(do) not",
      "know."
    ],
    [
      "So be patient.",
      "Indeed,",
      "(the) Promise",
      "(of) Allah",
      "(is) true.",
      "And (let) not",
      "take you in light estimation",
      "those who",
      "(are) not",
      "certain in faith."
    ]
  ],
  "glossNote": "English word hints follow the Quranic Arabic Corpus. Where the Corpus repeats a phrase across adjacent Arabic words, it is divided into individual word meanings for hover and audio; these editorial splits are recorded in the source audit. Brackets identify connective or grammatical senses that English does not translate separately."
}